Bahasa Guna Pada Novel

Language Used in the Novel

The novel contains an understanding that is a rather short prose story, simple, because it only tells a remarkable event in one’s life. Incredibly, since the event was born of conflict that resulted in a change in the fate of the perpetrator (Mariskan, 1986:53). While Nurgiyantoro (2002:9-10) argues, the novel is an opus of prose fiction a moderately long, not too long, but also not too short. Next Nurgiyantoro (2002:4) says, that the novel as an opus of fiction offers a world, a world that contains an idealized model of life; imaginative world, which was built through the various elements of intricsic such events, characters (and characterizations), setting, plot, angle of view and others, all of that, of course, also be imaginative.

            A work of fiction is generally developed in two forms of narrative: narrative and dialogue. Both forms are present alternately so that the story it appears to not be monotonous, was varied, and fresh. Narrative is a form of conversation or writing aimed at delivering or narrating a series of events or human experience based on developments from time to time (Semi, 2003:29). Narrative is a form of discourse that describes with very clear to the reader about an event that has occurred (Keraf, 2000:136). The two senses that expressed by Atarsemi and Keraf. Can we know that the narrative tries to answer a process that occurs about human experience or event and described in detail based on developments from time to time. Narration is an essay that is usually linked with the story. Therefore, a narrative essay or a paragraph of narrative just we find in novels. The narrative is a narrative essay describing the occurrence of an event, both events a reality, and imaginary events (Rusyana, 1982:2). Ratna (2004:141) argues that narrative is the act or process of production, implying a person, both as fact and fiction that speaks or writes discourse. The disclosure of language with narrative style - in this case is all the narrative is not a form of conversation - often to convey something more concise and direct. That is, the author tells her story directly, the disclosure of which is telling. It can be a depiction and/or storytelling about the background, character, relationships between the characters, events, conflicts, and others. The dialog style can give the impression of realistic, earnest, and give emphasis to the narrative, or events that are spoken with narrative style. Conversely, the dialog style will only be felt live and understood in the context of a situation that created and is told through narrative style. Thus, the disclosure form of narrative and conversation in a novel must go hand in hand, be connected, and equip.

From the above opinions, it is known there are several issues related to narrative. These include: 1.) form of story or narrative, 2.) highlighting the perpetrator, 3.) according to the developments from time to time, 4.) compiled systematically.

And the conversation live and reasonable in a novel is a conversation that fits the context of its use, a similar conversation with the real situation of language use. To understand a conversation that has a particular context, we can not rely solely on lexical and syntactic knowledge only, but must also be accompanied by pragmatic interpretation. By including the pragmatic context, the meaning of a conversation will be more fully understood.

The novel can bring the context of a variety of situations: formal, informal, serious, relaxed, intimate, or the other. The conversation that accompanies these situations must adjust.

The traits of novel can be seen in a terms of formality and the shape of the story. In terms of length story, so the novel more longer than in other literary forms. Novels can be freely to express something, presents something more, more detailed, and more frequently involves the problems that are more complex. Mariskan (1986:53) gives the conditions that must be owned by a novel, there are as follows: (1) in the novel must have mental of upheaval that brought about change fate, (2) novel should portray the lives of people, (3) more familiar with the episode.

Novel has a shape that is disclosure. This can be seen from the novel form more relatively long than short story, so that development itself requires a certain continuance and flexibility who is demanding the readers to more examine the development of the characters through a certain stages. Thus, the novel in its realization displays a complex problem. Based on the story was disclose (developed) that the readers try to interpret what the main basis of the story, what the theme, and it will be based on the details of the elements contained in the opus concerned.

Novels have parts, the elements are interrelated to one another in a close and mutually dependent. The elements or structures that develop the novel divided into two parts, the outer structure (extrinsic) and the inner structure (intricsic). Extrinsic elements are elements that are beyond the literary work, but indirectly will affect the presence of literary works, such as socioeconomic factors, cultural, social political, religious, and the values adopted by society. While intricsic elements are the elements that build a work of literature itself, the elements will be found if people read the literature, for example, themes, characters and characterizations, setting, plot and style of language.

Stanton (in Nurgiyantoro, 2002:25) distinguishes the elements of construct a novel into three parts: facts, themes and means of pronunciation (literature). Which includes the fact of story are the facts or events that exist in the story, including characters (actors), plot, and settings, while covering a story that includes a means of things that are utilized by the author in selecting and arranging the story so that create patterns of stories question. The facilities of story include a telling story standpoint, style (language), tone, symbolism and irony. All these elements must be considered on one unit in the series of the whole story, not as something that stands alone and apart from one another.

The above descriptions, it can be concluded briefly that the novel is the literary form of fiction that is longer than the short story by telling plot that is more complex, presents something more free and detailed that constructed from the intrinsic element.

In the novel, the most important element that is always overlooked by the reader are the elements of the construct of the novel itself, called intrinsic element. The construct elements that consist of themes, characters, characterizations, setting and plot.

1.      Theme

The underlying of themes is the idea of a story that also plays a role as a base of departure for the author in describing the creation of works of fiction (Aminuddin, 2002:91). Suharianto (1982:28) argues that, the theme is often called the basic of story, it is the principal issues that dominate the literature. Meanwhile, Baribin (1985:59) states, the theme is a central of idea, something that is going to fight in a writing or a work of fiction.

The theme, therefore, can be viewed as the basic of stories, ideas, general basic, in a novel (Nurgiyantoro, 2002:70).

Based on the above opinions we can conclude the theme is the subject-matter of idea which is of the central ideas in literature work. 

2.      Character

Character is a fictional individuals who experience events or behave in the various events in the story (Sudjiman, 1987:16). Character in general is human form, but can also in the objects form which in human being.

Based on the function of the character in the story, it can be distinguished in central character and subordinate character. Mariskan (1986:61) argues, central character is a character who exist in every events that bring the groove and determinant of theme. The character who hold leadership roles is the main character or protagonist (Sudjiman, 1987:17). The Protagonist has always been a central character in the story.

3.      Characterization

Characterizations or disposition is the potrayal of the characters, both the birth and inner, that can be: outlook on life, attitudes, beliefs, customs and traditions, and so forth (Suharianto, 1982:31). Sudjiman (1987:23) argues, the character are the qualities of character, quality and spirit of reason which distinguishes it from other characters. Both the opinions can be concluded, characterization is the appearance of the characters in the story. Between a character with a disposition that it has, indeed represents a cohesion of intact (Nurgiyantoro, 2002:165).

There are two kinds who are often used by authors to describe the character of the story, that is by direct and indirect.

a.   Direct way, if the author directly describes or depicts of state the character (Suharianto, 1982:31). This method can also be called analytic, the author analyzes (revealed) directly the disposition of the character (Mariskan, 1986:61). Mentioning to the names of certain character, not infrequently, directly suggest to us that its disposition.

b.      Indirect or Dramatic way, if the author is polluted notify the form or the character in the story (Suharianto, 1982:31). It was delivered through: (1) choice of character name, (2) through the depiction of physical or posture, how to dress, behaviour, to the other figures and, (3) through dialogue.

c.       Mariskan (1986:62) adds the dispositon of character can be either unique or mixed, is it by the both (analytic and dramatic) is used in a fiction.

4.      Background

The author chose a place where there incidence. The place in this story does not stand alone but must be adapted to the disposition and themes that will be notified by the author. It called also setting, the place and time of the story. Setting is the background of events in a work of fiction, whether in the form of place, time, or event, and has the function of physical and psychological function (Aminuddin, 2002:67).

5.      Plot

Plot is a series of stories that is formed by the stages of the events so it becomes into a story that is presented by the actors in a story (Aminuddin, 2002:83). Gorys Keraf (in Mariskan, 1986:58) argues, plot is a series of actions that consist of stages that are important in a structure that is bound by time.

While, Suharianto (1982:28) states, the authors way to establish an events in a row by taking into account the law of cause and result so it is a unitary piece, complete and intact.

Montega dan Henshaw (in Aminuddin, 2002:84), the stage events in the plot of a story can be arranged in seven (7) stages is as follows:

a.       Exposition, the initial phase which contains an explanations of the scene of the events and the introduction of any players that support the story.

b.   Inciting force, the stage phase when it arises strength, wish, as well as behaviour that is contrary to the perpetrator.

c.       Rising action, the heat situation because of the actors in the story began to conflict.

d.      Crisis, the situation was getting hot and the actors are given a picture of the fate of its author.

e.      Climax, the situation is the peak when the conflict is in the highest levels until the perpetrators of it to get content on their own fate.

f.     Falling action, the conflict levels have declined so that the tension in the story has begun to subside.

g.      Conclusion, the completion of the story.